Quotes, paraphrases, and allusions

Patrick McAllister http://ikga.oeaw.ac.at

Created: 2018-09-13 Thu 10:00

Towards a corpus of logico-epistemological Buddhist texts

Materials for “the corpus”

  • Approx. 150 texts, by approx. 40 authors
  • Original language of composition: Sanskrit
  • Substantial number of texts survive only in Tibetan
  • Some early ones also/only in Chinese translations

NOT systematically marked-up in any way

Types of texts

  • Mostly composed in scholastic Sanskrit (noun-style)
  • Some are commentaries (bhāṣya)
  • Share a related set of techniques for reusing texts

Categories of text reuse

Steinkellner 1988, 118:

  • T textus, the original Sanskrit text to be constituted
  • Ce citatum ex alio, quotation from another text in T
  • Ce’ Ce usus secundarii in T
  • [ e later added to Ce or Ce’, signifying /modus edendi/]
  • Ci citatum in alio, quotation of T in another text
  • R citatum in alio modo referendi, a text of T referred to

Types of “text reuse”

Basic quotes

<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">
  <p><gap/>etena yad uktam <persName
  role="opponent">udyotakareṇa</persName> <cit><quote>avācakatve
  śabdānāṃ pratijñāhetvorvyāghāta</quote></cit> iti tadapi pratyuktaṃ
  bhavati.<gap/></p>

  <p>Through this [argument in the base text] also what
  <persName>Uddyotakara</persName> said has been rejected, namely,
  <cit><quote>If words do not denote anything, both your proposition
  and your reason are inconsistent.</quote></cit>.</p>
</div>
  1. etena … bhavati: connects the text commented upon and the provided quote
  2. yad uktam: introduces quote (lit., “said”)
  3. udyotakareṇa: agent of what was said
  4. <quote />: what was said

Quotes as references

<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid" n="1061">
  <lg xml:id="ts__1061">
    <l><seg xml:id="ts__1061__a">agobhinnaṃ</seg>
    <seg xml:id="ts__1061__b">ca</seg>
    yadvastu tadakṣairvyavasīyate /</l>
    <l>pratibimbaṃ tadadhyastaṃ svasaṃvittyā'vagamyate // 1061 //</l>
  </lg>


  <p>yac coktam <hi rend="bold">indriyair</hi> ityādi,
  tad asiddham iti darśayann āha—<hi rend="bold">agobhinnaṃ
  ce</hi>tyādi.  <hi rend="bold">ca</hi>kāro 'nuktārthasamuccaye.
  </p>

  <p xml:lang="en">Further, what was said with the words <quote>“By
  sense perceptions”</quote> and so on, that is unestablished.  In
  order to show this, Śāntarakṣita said <quote>“And a thing
  differentiated from non-cow”</quote>. ... The uninflected word
  <quote>“and”</quote> is used in order to include the meanings of
  exclusion not mentioned in the verse.</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid" n="1061">
  <lg xml:id="ts__1061">
    <l><seg xml:id="ts__1061__a">agobhinnaṃ</seg>
    <seg xml:id="ts__1061__b">ca</seg>
    yadvastu tadakṣairvyavasīyate /</l>
    <l>pratibimbaṃ tadadhyastaṃ svasaṃvittyā'vagamyate // 1061 //</l>
  </lg>

  <p ana="#alt1">yac coktam <quote type="lemma"
  corresp="#ts__939">indriyair</quote> ityādi, tad asiddham iti
  darśayann āha—<quote type="lemma"
  corresp="#ts__1061__a">agobhinnaṃ ce</quote>tyādi.</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid" n="1061">
  <lg xml:id="ts__1061">
    <l><seg xml:id="ts__1061__a">agobhinnaṃ</seg>
    <seg xml:id="ts__1061__b">ca</seg>
    yadvastu tadakṣairvyavasīyate /</l>
    <l>pratibimbaṃ tadadhyastaṃ svasaṃvittyā'vagamyate // 1061 //</l>
  </lg>

  <p ana="#alt2">yac coktam <ref target="#ts__939"
  type="lemma">indriyair</ref> ityādi, tad asiddham iti darśayann
  āha—<ref target="#ts__1061__a" type="lemma">agobhinnaṃ
  ce</ref>tyādi.</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid" n="1061">
  <lg xml:id="ts__1061">
    <l><seg xml:id="ts__1061__a">agobhinnaṃ</seg>
    <seg xml:id="ts__1061__b">ca</seg>
    yadvastu tadakṣairvyavasīyate /</l>
    <l>pratibimbaṃ tadadhyastaṃ svasaṃvittyā'vagamyate // 1061 //</l>
  </lg>

  <p ana="#alt2">yac coktam <ref target="#ts__939"><quote
  type="lemma">indriyair</quote> ityādi</ref>, tad asiddham iti
  darśayann āha—<ref target="#ts__1061__a"><quote
  type="lemma">agobhinnaṃ ce</quote>tyādi</ref>.</p>
</div>

Quotes for elucidation

<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" n="1061">
  <lg xml:id="ts__1061">
    <l><seg xml:id="ts__1061__a">agobhinnaṃ</seg>
    <seg xml:id="ts__1061__b">ca</seg>
    yadvastu tadakṣairvyavasīyate /</l>
    <l>pratibimbaṃ tadadhyastaṃ svasaṃvittyā'vagamyate // 1061 //</l>
  </lg>

  <p ana="#alt2"><mentioned sameAs="#ts__1061__b">ca</mentioned>kāro
  <gloss target="#ts__1061__b">'nuktārthasamuccaye</gloss>.
  </p>
</div>

Silent quotes

<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">
  <lg n="pv1-91" type="base-text">
    <l>tadrūpaṃ sarvato bhinnaṃ tathā <w xml:id="pv1-91-1">tatpratipādikā</w> /</l>
    <l><w xml:id="pv1-91-4">na</w> <w xml:id="pv1-91-2">śrutiḥ</w>
    <seg xml:id="pv1-91-3">kalpanā vā</seg>sti sāmānyenaiva vṛttitaḥ
    //91//</l>
  </lg>

  <p><mentioned corresp="#pv1-91-1 #pv1-91-2">tatprātipādikā
  śrutir</mentioned> iti asādhāraṇeṇa rūpeṇa tasya svalakṣaṇasya
  pratipādakaḥ śabdo nāsti <mentioned corresp="#pv1-91-3
  #pv1-91-4">kalpanā vāsti ne</mentioned>ti prakṛtaṃ / asādhāraṇena
  rūpeṇa svalakṣaṇasya grāhako vikalpāpi nāstīty arthaḥ / kiṅ kāraṇaṃ
  <mentioned>sāmānyenaiva</mentioned> śabdasya kalpanāyāś ca
  <mentioned>vṛttitaḥ</mentioned> tatpratipādikā na śrutir astīti
  bruvatā svalakṣaṇe /</p>
</div>
<div  xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">
  <lg n="pv1-91" type="base-text">
    <l>tadrūpaṃ sarvato bhinnaṃ tathā
    <w xml:id="pv1-91-1">tatpratipādikā</w> /</l>
    <l><w xml:id="pv1-91-4">na</w> <w xml:id="pv1-91-2">śrutiḥ</w>
    <seg xml:id="pv1-91-3">kalpanā vā</seg>sti sāmānyenaiva vṛttitaḥ //91//</l>
  </lg>

  <p>upasaṃharannāha / <ref><quote
  type="lemma">tadrūpam</quote>ityādi</ref> /
  <mentioned>tatta</mentioned>smād <mentioned>rūpaṃ</mentioned>
  svalakṣaṇaṃ <mentioned>sarvato
  bhinna</mentioned>masādhāraṇa<mentioned>ntathā</mentioned>
  tenāsādhāraṇena rūpeṇa <mentioned>ta</mentioned>sya svalakṣaṇasya na
  <mentioned>pratipādikā śrutiḥ</mentioned> śabdo
  <mentioned>nā</mentioned>sti / <mentioned>kalpanā vāsti</mentioned>
  / neti prakṛtaṃ / asādhāraṇena svarūpeṇa svalakṣaṇasya grāhako
  nāstītyarthaḥ / kiṃ kāraṇaṃ / <mentioned>sāmānyenaiva</mentioned>
  śabdasya kalpanāyāśca <mentioned>vṛttitaḥ</mentioned> //</p>
</div>

Differences between the commentaries

diff --git a/tmp/diff-buff1991Tiu b/tmp/diff-buff1991gs0
index 5acdad64..c7674167 100644
--- a/tmp/diff-buff1991Tiu
+++ b/tmp/diff-buff1991gs0
@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@
    na śrutiḥ kalpanā vāsti sāmānyenaiva vṛttitaḥ //91//
  

  [-tat-]{+u+}p{+asaṃha+}r{+ann+}ā{+ha / +}t[-i-]{+adrū+}p{+amity+}ādi[-kā-]{+ /+}
  [-śru-]t[-i-]{+attasmād +}r{+ūpaṃ+}
 [-i-]{+ svalakṣaṇaṃ sarva+}t[-i-]{+o+}
{+ +} {+bhinnam+}asādhāraṇ{+antathā+}
{+  t+}e{+nāsādhāra+}{+en+}a rūpeṇa tasya svalakṣaṇasya {+na+}
{+ +} pratipād[-a-]{+i+}k[-a-]{+ā śruti+}ḥ śabdo
 {+ +}nāsti {+/ +}kalpanā vāsti
 {+ / +}neti prakṛtaṃ / asādhāraṇena [- -]{+sva+}rūpeṇa svalakṣaṇasya grāhako
 [-vikalpāpi-] nāstīty[- -]arthaḥ / ki[-ṅ-]{+ṃ+} kāraṇaṃ {+/+} sāmānyenaiva
 {+ +}śabdasya kalpanāyāś[- -]ca [- -]vṛttitaḥ [-tatpratipādikā na śrutir astīti-]
[-  bruvatā svalakṣaṇe -]{+/+}/

Reuse for abridgment

<div  xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">
  <p><gap/>tatraikastāvad bāhyaḥ adhyavasāyād eva vācyo vyavasthāpyate, na
  svalakṣaṇaparisphūrttyā katham iti cet? anubhavād eva. yathā hi
  pratyakṣacetasi deśakālāvasthāniyatāni parisphuṭarūpāṇi svalakṣaṇāni
  pratibhānty anubhūyante, tathā na vikalpakāle.  vikalpakāle hi
  vijātivyāvṛttameva parasparākārākīrṇam ivāsphuṭam iva
  pratyakṣāparicitaṃ kiñcid rūpam ābhāsamānam anubhavaviṣayaḥ. 
  yac <cit><ref target="bib:pvin1?citedRange='15a--c'">chāstram</ref>
  <quote>
    <lg>
      <l>śabdenāvyāpṛtākṣasya buddhāv apratibhāsanāt /</l>
      <l>arthasya dṛṣṭāv iveti,</l>
    </lg>
  </quote>
</cit>
  </p>

  <p>upāyabhedād ekasyaiva pratibhāsabhedaḥ. ekatra hi buddhāv
  indriyam āśrayo 'nyatra śabdādīti cet?  atrāpy uktam <gap/></p>
</div>
<div  xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">
  <p><gap/>tatra bāhyo ’rtho ’dhyavasāyād eva śabdavācyo vyavasthāpyate, na
  svalakṣaṇaparisphūrtyā, pratyakṣavad deśakālāvasthāniyata
  pravyaktasvalakṣaṇāsphuraṇāt.  
  yac <cit><ref target="bib:pvin1?citedRange=15a--c">chāstram</ref>
  <quote>
    <lg>
      <l>śabdenāvyāpṛtākṣasya buddhāv apratibhāsanāt /</l>
      <l>arthasya dṛṣṭāv iva </l>
    </lg>
  </quote>
</cit>

  iti.</p>

  <p>indriyaśabdasvabhāvopāyabhedād ekasyaivārthasya pratibhāsa bheda
  iti cet. atrāpy uktam <gap/></p>
</div>

Differences between the reused and reusing text

diff --git a/tmp/diff-buff1991gzo b/tmp/diff-buff1991t9u
index 8e0e2cfd..35f0fc6c 100644
--- a/tmp/diff-buff1991gzo
+++ b/tmp/diff-buff1991t9u
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@

  tatra[-ikastāvad-] bāhy[-aḥ-]{+o+} [-a-]{+’rtho ’+}dhyavasāyād eva {+śabda+}vācyo vyavasthāpyate, na
  svalakṣaṇaparisphūrt[-t-][- katham iti cet? anubhavād eva. yathā hi-]
[- -]{+,+} pratyakṣa[-cet-]{+v+}a[-si-]{+d+} deśakālāvasthāniyat[-āni parisphuṭarūpāṇi sval-]a[-kṣaṇāni-]
  pra[-tibhānty anubhū-]{+v+}ya[-nte, tathā na vi-]k{+t+}a[-lpakāle.  -]{+s+}v[-ik-]al[-p-]ak[-āle hi-]
[-  vijātivyāvṛttameva parasp-]{+ṣ+}a[-rākārākīr-][-am iv-]āsphu[-ṭam iva-]
[-  p-]ra[-tyakṣ-]{+ṇ+}ā[-parici-]t[-aṃ kiñcid rūpam ābhāsamānam anubhavaviṣayaḥ-]. {+ +}
  yac chāstram
{+  +}
    
    [-  -]
[-      -]śabdenāvyāpṛtākṣasya buddhāv apratibhāsanāt /
[-      -]{+    +}arthasya dṛṣṭāv iv[-eti,-]
[-      -]
[-   -]{+a+} 
    
  


  [-u-]{+iti.+}

{+indriyaśabdasvabhāvo+}pāyabhedād ekasyaiv{+ārthasy+}a pratibhāsa{+ +}bheda[-ḥ. ekatra h-]
i[- buddhāv-]
[-  indriyam āśrayo 'nyatra śabdādī-]ti cet[-? -]{+.+} atrāpy uktam 
<div  xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">
  <p><gap/><anchor xml:id="q24s" />tatra bāhyo ’rtho ’dhyavasāyād eva
  śabdavācyo vyavasthāpyate, na svalakṣaṇaparisphūrtyā, pratyakṣavad
  deśakālāvasthāniyata pravyaktasvalakṣaṇāsphuraṇāt.  yac <cit><ref
  target="bib:pvin1?citedRange=15a--c">chāstram</ref>
  <quote>
    <lg>
      <l>śabdenāvyāpṛtākṣasya buddhāv apratibhāsanāt /</l>
      <l>arthasya dṛṣṭāv iva </l>
    </lg>
  </quote>
</cit>

  iti.</p>

  <p>indriyaśabdasvabhāvopāyabhedād ekasyaivārthasya pratibhāsa bheda
  iti cet. atrāpy uktam <gap/> vastu syāt<anchor xml:id="q24e"/></p>

  <gap/>

  <app type="testim" to="#q24e" from="#q24s">
    <lem type="lemma-in-app">atrāpy <gap rend="ellipsis"/> vastu syāt</lem>
    <note type="testim">
      <span type="inline" ana="#closeparallel">=</span>
      <bibl>
        <ref target="#AP"/>
        <citedRange>208.20–209.1</citedRange>
      </bibl>
    </note>
  </app>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">
  <!-- source text -->
  <div type="source">
    <p><gap/><anchor xml:id="j24s"/><gap/>tatraikas tāvad bāhyaḥ
    adhyavasāyād eva <gap/> vastu syāt<anchor
    xml:id="j24e"/><gap/></p>
  </div>

  <div type="derived">
    <p><gap/><anchor xml:id="r24s"/>tatra bāhyo ’rtho <gap/> vastu
    syāt<anchor xml:id="r24e"/><gap/></p>

    <!-- in an app -->
    <app type="testim" to="#r24e" from="#r24s">
      <lem type="lemma-in-app">atrāpy <gap rend="ellipsis"/> vastu syāt</lem>
      <note type="testim">
        <link ana="#closeparallel" target="#j24s #j24e"/>
      </note>
    </app>

    <!-- or perhaps in a linkGrp-->
    <linkGrp>
      <link ana="#closeparallel" target="#j24s #j24e #r24s #24e"/>
    </linkGrp>
  </div>
</div>

Conclusions

TEI Guidelines rich enough for the task

  • TEI quoting and linking concepts and mechanisms cover main cases examined here
  • Hopefully, no abuse of cit or app element

Markup facilitates analysis in traditional terms

  • Ce citatum ex alio, quotation from another text in T
    • query for //ref/quote or //cit/quote or //mentioned (all in qLike class, further differentiated by @type)
  • Ce’ Ce usus secundarii in T
    • query for //app[@type="parallel"]//link
  • e added to Ce or Ce’, signifying modus edendi
    • can be added in an @ana attribute to all of the proposed elements, but not feasible as a primary markup target;
  • Ci citatum in alio, quotation of T in another text
    • simple reversion of other relation
  • R citatum in alio modo referendi, a text of T referred to
    • not discussed here; can be accomodated by simple change of @ana attribute on given relations;

Suggestions for improvements?

<div  xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0-pause-valid">

  <p><gap/><anchor xml:id="j24s"/><gap/>tatraikas tāvad bāhyaḥ
  adhyavasāyād eva <gap/>
  <cit>
    <ref target="bib:pvin1?citedRange='15a--c'">chāstram</ref>
    <quote>
      <lg>
        <l>śabdenāvyāpṛtākṣasya buddhāv apratibhāsanāt /</l><gap/>
      </lg>
    </quote>
  </cit>
  vastu syāt<anchor
  xml:id="j24e"/><gap/></p>

  <div type="derived">
    <p><gap/><anchor xml:id="r24s"/>tatra bāhyo ’rtho <gap/> vastu
    syāt<anchor xml:id="r24e"/><gap/></p>

    <!-- in an app -->
    <app type="testim" to="#r24e" from="#r24s">
      <lem type="lemma-in-app">atrāpy <gap rend="ellipsis"/> vastu syāt</lem>
      <note type="testim">
        <link ana="#closeparallel" target="#j24s #j24e"/>
      </note>
    </app>

  </div>
</div>